【皇氏古建築大全】【黃劍博采風追影】【環遊尋美拾遺錄】
Jumbo Heritage List © Epic Adventure of Jumbo Huang
But clearly, bond markets are only getting a teeny-weeny bit nervous because yields are still extremely low. Left up to its own devices, the Treasury market with these Fed-inspired visions of inflation, might react more strongly. But the Fed is still buying Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities, and that is keeping a lid on the upward moves. And holders of those securities at those yields will just have to eat the inflation.
很多很多年后，随着大航海时代序幕拉开，在贸易需求的促进下，航海术、地图学、光学与仪器科学都取得显著进步。1608年荷兰人汉斯发明望远镜，后来又有人在它上面加上十字丝以提供精确瞄准。1660年生产管状水准器，提高了仪器定平精度，此后测微器与显微镜用于度盘读数，提高了读数精度。差不多同一时期，荷兰有位数学家斯涅耳，对几何有深入的研究，他的一种计算圆周率的新方法，比阿基米德割圆术更准确。阿基米德只能计算出 2 个小数位；而斯涅尔可以正确地计算出 7 个小数位。
卢旺达属温带和热带高原气候，由于海拔较高，其气温比典型的赤道国家要低。位于该国中部的基加利日常温度一般在12至27°C之间，全年波动幅度较小。全国范围内也有一些地方温差较大，多山的西部和北部比东部低洼地区的气温要低。
就在珠峰攀登陷入沉寂期间，美籍奥地利探险家洛克来到亚洲腹地考察植物和民俗。洛克并没有涉足喜马拉雅山脉，他的考察重点主要集中在川、滇、甘、青四省范围内的大横断山区域。
因为同样原故，西边的台阶不如东边台阶陡峭。第一层的须弥座由砂岩石垒成，高出地面约3米；须弥座之上，有高3米左右的回廊，围绕吴哥寺如口字形。回廊长方形，南北方向长190米，东西方向长220米。回廊四周，共有四座塔门和八座廊门，四隅各一座塔门，正西、正东各三座廊门，正北、正南各一座廊门。塔门和廊门有内、外二石阶，可通第一层内院、寺庙外院。
南画廊有几幅浮雕，和吴哥王朝历史有关，其中一幅描绘苏耶跋摩二世头戴王冠，在宝座上赤足盘腿而坐，左手向左指，后手靠著宝座扶手，左右侍从各二，手执长扇，为王扇风，身后还有宫女，手持巨型蜡烛，白日点燃。
接下去是印度神话中32层地狱和37重天堂。东画廊描绘古印度神话普拉纳斯中一个著名的故事：毗湿奴搅乳海，当时毗湿奴令92尊阿修罗和88尊天神把蛇王婆苏吉充绳索搅动乳海。接著的毗湿奴击败阿修罗的场面是16世纪后人所加。北画廊显示毗湿奴第八化身黑天战胜阿修罗班那。
西北和西南角廊的画面较小，多是描述罗摩衍那或黑天的故事。入第一层回廊西门，踏入一个名为“千佛阁”的田字阁，四周环绕回廊。田字阁被中央的十字游廊间隔为四个院落，其地面比十字游廊和回廊低约一米，原为水池，现不蓄水。田字阁的南北廊，宽约3米，外侧封闭，内侧立双排方柱。十字游廊由两道游廊交叉成十字形，每道游廊由中廊、左偏廊、右偏廊三部分组成，由四行方柱支撑。
两行内方柱支撑中廊，两行外方柱支撑各自的偏廊。中廊宽约3米，高约4.5米，上半是墙壁下半是方柱。石柱底部有飞天女浮雕，一些柱身和柱墙还残留深红色的涂漆，由此可窥见八百多年前吴哥窟全盛时期之辉煌景象。主廊顶呈蛋尖拱形，以陶瓦盖顶。左右偏廊，宽约2.5米，高约3米。游廊总宽度约8米。
几世纪来，朝拜者曾在阁内留下许多佛像，不过大部分佛像已被挪走。阁内还有不少颂扬朝拜者善行的铭文，多数是高棉语，一些是缅甸语。田字画阁之外的院子，乃寺庙第一层围囿的内院，如反匚字形。在第一层围囿的西北角和西南角，各有一座藏经阁。田字阁的北廊、中廊和西廊各有石阶廊西通寺庙的第二层围囿。
第二层台基又高出第一层台基五米半，四周也有长方形回廊，东西方向长约115米，南北方向宽约100米。回廊没有石柱，也没有偏廊，两壁分布竖葫芦棂窗，间以天神浮雕。回廊共有十座廊门，四隅各一，东南北各一，西边三座。每座廊门有内外二石阶，下通第一围囿内院，内通第二围囿内院。西边的三座廊门，通第一围囿的田字阁。
第二层回廊四角的塔门，顶部各矗立一座宝塔；因年久失修，四座宝塔的顶部大半缺损，九层宝塔只剩二三层。第二围囿内院的西南、西北隅各有一座小型的藏经阁。两座藏经阁之间由一个十字形阳台的南北道相连，
阳台的东西道连接第二层回廊的西门和第三层回廊的西门。这个十字阳台也是后人添加的。寺庙的第三层台基，即最内和最高层台基，称为巴甘，正方形，形如金字塔，但由两段叠成，巍然拔地而起12米，比一、二层台基高一倍。
田字廊的拱顶和半拱顶上铺陶瓦。画廊顶部的天花板刻狮头蛇像，画廊和神龛入口有布满雕饰的门楣和三角墙。回廊东南西北四边的正中各有廊门，每廊门有台阶下通第二层；回廊四隅的塔门，各有二道台阶下通第二层。
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.20994：Phnom Bakheng, at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Hindu and Buddhist temple in the form of a temple mountain. Dedicated to Shiva, it was built at the end of the 9th century, during the reign of King Yasovarman (889-910). Located atop a hill, it is nowadays a popular tourist spot for sunset views of the much bigger temple Angkor Wat, which lies amid the jungle about 1.5 km to the southeast. The large number of visitors makes Phnom Bakheng one of the most threatened monuments of Angkor. Since 2004,
World Monuments Fund has been working to conserve the temple in partnership with APSARA.
APSARA (Authority for the Protection of the Site and Management of the Region of Angkor) is the Cambodian management authority responsible for protecting the Angkor Archaeological Park. Founded in 1995, it is in charge of the research, protection, and conservation as well as the urban and tourist development of the park. It is headquartered in Siem Reap. As of 2016, it consisted of 15 departments and more than 500 personnel.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.20975：Angkor Thom located in present-day Cambodia, was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire. It was established in the late twelfth century by King Jayavarman VII. It covers an area of 9 km², within which are located several monuments from earlier eras as well as those established by Jayavarman and his successors. At the centre of the city is Jayavarman’s state temple, the Bayon, with the other major sites clustered around the Victory Square immediately to the north.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.40406：Baphoun,The Baphuon is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia. It is located in Angkor Thom, northwest of the Bayon. Built in the mid-11th century, it is a three-tiered temple mountainbuilt as the state temple of Udayadityavarman II dedicated to the Hindu God Shiva. It is the archetype of the Baphuon style with intricate carvings covering every available surface. The temple adjoins the southern enclosure of the royal palace and measures 120 metres east-west by 100 metres north-south at its base and stands 34 meters tall without its tower, which would have made it roughly 50 meters tall. Its appearance apparently impressed Temür Khan’s late 13th century envoy Chou Ta-kuan during his visit from 1296 to 1297, who said it was ‘the Tower of Bronze…a truly astonishing spectacle, with more than ten chambers at its base.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.40407：The Terrace of the Elephants is part of the walled city of Angkor Thom, a ruined temple complex in Cambodia. The terrace was used by Angkor’s king Jayavarman VII as a platform from which to view his victorious returning army. It was attached to the palace of Phimeanakas of which only a few ruins remain. Most of the original structure was made of organic material and has long since disappeared. Most of what remains are the foundation platforms of the complex. The terrace is named for the carvings of elephants on its eastern face.The 350m-long Terrace of Elephants was used as a giant reviewing stand for public ceremonies and served as a base for the king’s grand audience hall. It has five outworks extending towards the Central Square-three in the centre and one at each end. The middle section of the retaining wall is decorated with life size garuda and lions; towards either end are the two parts of the famous parade of elephants complete with their Khmer mahouts.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.40408：Phimeanakas, Vimeanakas (ប្រាសាទវិមានអាកាស, Prasat Vimean Akas) at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Hindu temple in the Khleang style, built at the end of the 10th century, during the reign of Rajendravarman (from 941-968), then completed by Suryavarman I in the shape of a three tier pyramid as a Hindu temple. On top of the pyramid there was a tower, while on the edge of top platform there are galleries. Phimeanakas is located inside the walled enclosure of the Royal Palace of Angkor Thom north of Baphuon.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.40409：Ta Keo had to be the state temple of Jayavarman V, son of Rajendravarman, who had built Pre Rup. Like Pre Rup, it has five sanctuary towers arranged in a quincunx, built on the uppermost level of five-tier pyramid consisting of overlapping terraces (a step pyramid), surrounded by moat, as a symbolic depiction of Mount Meru. Its particularly massive appearance is due to the absence of external decorations, as carving had just begun when the works stopped, besides an elaborate use of perspective effects. It is considered an example of the so-called Khleang style.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.20984：Ta Prohm is the modern name of the temple at Angkor, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia, built in the Bayon style largely in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and originally called Rajavihara. Located approximately one kilometre east of Angkor Thom and on the southern edge of the East Baray, it was founded by the Khmer King Jayavarman VII as a Mahayana Buddhist monastery and university. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Ta Prohm is in much the same condition in which it was found: the photogenic and atmospheric combination of trees growing out of the ruins and the jungle surroundings have made it one of Angkor’s most popular temples with visitors. UNESCO inscribed Ta Prohm on the World Heritage List in 1992. Today, it is one of the most visited complexes in Cambodia’s Angkor region. The conservation and restoration of Ta Prohm is a partnership project of the Archaeological Survey of India and the APSARA,The trees growing out of the ruins are perhaps the most distinctive feature of Ta Prohm, and “have prompted more writers to descriptive excess than any other feature of Angkor.” Two species predominate, but sources disagree on their identification: the larger is either the silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) or thitpok Tetrameles nudiflora, and the smaller is either the strangler fig or gold apple. Angkor scholar Maurice Glaize observed, “On every side, in fantastic over-scale, the trunks of the silk-cotton trees soar skywards under a shadowy green canopy, their long spreading skirts trailing the ground and their endless roots coiling more like reptiles than plants.”
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.40410：Banteai Kdeiis a Buddhist temple in Angkor, Cambodia. It is located southeast of Ta Prohm and east of Angkor Thom. Built in the mid-12th to early 13th centuries AD during the reign of Jayavarman VII, it is in the Bayon architectural style, similar in plan to Ta Prohm and Preah Khan, but less complex and smaller. Its structures are contained within two successive enclosure walls, and consist of two concentric galleries from which emerge towers, preceded to the east by a cloister.This Buddhist monastic complex is currently dilapidated due to faulty construction and poor quality of sandstone used in its buildings, and is now undergoing renovation. Banteay Kdei had been occupied by monks at various intervals over the centuries until the 1960s.
《Jumbo Heritage List》No.2222：Angkor Wat Sanctuary；Angkor Wat អង្គរវត្ត is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world, on a site measuring 162.6 hectares , It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple of god Vishnu for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple towards the end of the 12th century. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura, the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country’s prime attraction for visitors.
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple-mountain and the later galleried temple. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs, and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.
7 Wakara St- Wat Damnak- Wat Bo Rd- Street 27-22.behind Wat Damnak Pagoda, between Psa Dey Hoy Market and Angkor High School, Closed on Monday, Siem Reap, 93000, Cambodia, Helistarcambodia.com, Scenic flight…